Gallbladder cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that begins in the gallbladder.
Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ on the right side of your abdomen, just beneath your liver. The gallbladder stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by your liver.
Gallbladder cancer is uncommon. When gallbladder cancer is discovered at its earliest stages, the chance for a cure is very good. But most gallbladder cancers are discovered at a late stage when the prognosis is often very poor.
Gallbladder cancer may not be discovered until it’s advanced because it often causes no specific signs or symptoms. Also, the relatively hidden nature of the gallbladder makes it easier for gallbladder cancer to grow without being detected.
Gallbladder cancer – Symptoms
- Abdominal pain, particularly in the upper right portion of the abdomen
- Abdominal bloating
- Losing weight without trying
- Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
When to see a doctor
Make an appointment with your doctor if you experience any signs or symptoms that worry you.
Gallbladder cancer – Causes
It’s not clear what causes gallbladder cancer.
Doctors know that gallbladder cancer forms when healthy gallbladder cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. The changes tell the cells to grow out of control and to continue living when other cells would normally die. The accumulating cells form a tumor that can grow beyond the gallbladder and spread to other areas of the body.
Most gallbladder cancer begins in the glandular cells that line the inner surface of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer that begins in this type of cell is called adenocarcinoma. This term refers to the way cancer cells appear when examined under a microscope.
Risk factors
- Your sex. Gallbladder cancer is more common in women.
- Your age. Your risk of cancer increases as you age.
- A history of gallstones. It is most common in people who have gallstones or have had gallstones in the past. Larger gallstones may carry a larger risk. Still, gallstones are very common and even in people with this condition, gallbladder cancer is very rare.
- Other gallbladder diseases and conditions. Other gallbladder conditions that can increase the risk of cancer include polyps, chronic inflammation, and infection.
- Inflammation of the bile ducts. Primary sclerosing cholangitis, which causes inflammation of the biliary ducts, increases the risk of cancer.
Gallbladder cancer – Diagnosis
Tests and procedures include:
- Blood tests. Blood tests to evaluate your liver function may help your doctor determine what’s causing your signs and symptoms.
- Procedures to create images of the gallbladder. Imaging tests that can create pictures of the gallbladder include ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Determining the extent of cancer
Once your doctor diagnoses cancer, he or she works to find the extent (stage) of your cancer. The cancer stage helps determine your prognosis and your treatment options.
Tests and procedures used to stage gallbladder cancer include:
- Exploratory surgery. Your doctor may recommend surgery to look inside your abdomen for signs that the cancer has spread.
In a procedure called laparoscopy, the surgeon makes a small incision in your abdomen and inserts a tiny camera. The camera allows the surgeon to examine organs surrounding your gallbladder for signs that cancer has spread.
- Tests to examine the bile ducts. Your doctor may recommend procedures to inject dye into the bile ducts. This is followed by an imaging test that records where the dye goes. These tests can show blockages in the bile ducts.
These tests may include magnetic resonance cholangiography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). - Additional imaging tests. A series of scans help determine whether cancer has spread or remains localized. Which scans should be performed vary depending on your circumstances. Common scans include CT and MRI scans of the abdomen and chest.
Your doctor uses information from these procedures to assign your cancer a stage. The stages of gallbladder cancer range from 0 to IV. The earliest stages indicate cancer that’s confined to the gallbladder. Later stages indicate more-advanced cancer that has grown to involve nearby organs or has spread to other areas of the body.
Gallbladder cancer – Treatment
Treatment options depend on the stage of your cancer, your overall health, and your preferences.
The initial goal of treatment is to remove cancer. When that isn’t possible, other therapies may help control the spread of the disease.
Surgery for early-stage cancer
Surgery may be an option if you have early-stage cancer. Options include:
- Surgery to remove the gallbladder. Early cancer that is confined to the gallbladder is treated with an operation to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).
- Surgery to remove the gallbladder and a portion of the liver. Cancer that extends beyond the gallbladder and into the liver is sometimes treated with surgery to remove the gallbladder, as well as a portion of the liver.
If the cancer is very small and can be removed completely with cholecystectomy, you may not need additional treatments. If there’s a risk that cancer cells may remain after surgery, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy or other treatments.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill rapidly growing cells, including cancer cells. It can be administered through a vein in your arm, in pill form, or both.
Chemotherapy might be recommended after surgery if there’s a risk that some cancer cells might remain. It can also be used to control cancer if surgery isn’t an option.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-powered beams of energy, such as X-rays and protons, to kill cancer cells. The energy beams come from a machine that moves around you as you lie on a table.
Radiation therapy is sometimes combined with chemotherapy after surgery if cancer couldn’t be removed completely. Radiation therapy can also control cancer that’s causing pain if surgery isn’t an option.
Targeted drug therapy
Targeted drug treatments focus on specific weaknesses present within cancer cells. By blocking these weaknesses, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Targeted drugs might be an option for people with advanced cancer.
Your doctor may test your cancer cells to see which targeted drugs are most likely to work for you.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a drug treatment that helps your immune system to fight cancer. It might be an option for treating advanced cancer.
